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The RNG scaling problem

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The RNG scaling problem
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By Lorenzo Nardini, Head of Technical Compliance and Maths Services, at ComplianceOne Group

When I was a child, I lived in Italy and I used to play some card games with my friends. There is a huge variety of Italian traditional card games: Briscola, Scopa, TreSette are only a few of them. All these games are played with an Italian deck of cards, which consists of 40 cards divided into four suits, each containing ten cards ranked from one to ten. (If you are not familiar with these cards, I suggest searching them online as their artwork is beautiful and it varies across the different regions of that country). Most of the games I played required an equal distribution of cards among the players. This was easily done when playing in two or four as each player would get respectively twenty or ten cards each. However, when we played in a group of three, a problem naturally arose: how could we equally split the deck since 40 is not a multiple of 3? Fortunately, this was not a difficult problem and for most games it was perfectly acceptable to simply remove (reject) one card from the deck and then to assign the remaining ones in 3 groups of 13.

Later in life, I discovered that this seemingly childish problem was a recurring issue for gaming companies seeking certification for their Random Number Generators. In the gaming industry, the generation of random numbers is a core element that enables gaming platforms to produce unpredictable events. In this regard, RNGs are the engine that games use to decide, for instance, the final position of the symbols in a slot machine, the cards that will be dealt in a Poker or Blackjack hand, or when the plane will crash in the recently popular Crash games.

Each Random Number Generator is unique in terms of its components and the applications for which it is designed to generate random events. You can have a software RNG that is based on famous (in this community) algorithms such as the Mersenne Twister, you can have cryptographically strong solutions that take entropy from random events. I even once read a short paper about a “banana” RNG based on the natural decay of potassium atoms inside that fruit.

Regardless of the basis of your RNG solution, it will most likely generate unscaled random numbers. The most typical format is probably the 32bit which means the RNG returns a number between 0 and 232-1 (that is 4,294,967,295). This range is typically too large to be directly employed to generate game events: most card games require numbers between 1 and 52 as that is the standard deck size, numbers for slot machine outcomes typically range in the hundreds or thousands, and if you simply need to decide where the ball will land in a virtual single zero roulette, you simply need to request a number between 0 and 36.

How to then use the 32bit number to create outcomes for all these games? Assigning a number from the “large” range to one in the “small” range is called “scaling”. There are several methods to perform this operation and, in order to comply with jurisdictional standards, most countries require that the scaling method is performed in such a way to not introduce any bias, that means that all mapped numbers (also known as final outcomes) have the same probability to occur.

This is, in fact, the same problem that I was facing as a child when trying to equally split the deck of cards. And in the same way, this is easily solved when the large number (232 in our case) is a multiple of the target range, though this is seldom the case. This is exactly where I have seen multiple suppliers of RNG solutions failing their testing: ignoring that the target range not always divides the unscaled one results in having final outcomes that are not equally likely. Effectively, this means that when playing a roulette game, it is more likely that the ball lands on 0 rather than on 36.

However, the same solution I used as a child when playing cards in a group of three can be applied here: simply discard/reject some values until we are left with a multiple of our target range. For instance, if you need your RNG to generate numbers for a slot game in the target range 100 because such is your reel length, you first get an unscaled number in the 32bit format (that, remind, is 0 – 4,294,967,295) and then you discard it in the unlikely event that this is at least 4,294,967,200. All remaining numbers are then equally mapped to the target range by taking the remainder of their division by 100 – which simply means you take its last two digits.

To many, this might seem like a trivial problem. Yet, I was surprised by how frequently I encountered this exact issue when testing RNG solutions. The issue had to be reported to the supplier, failing their testing, that meant that they eventually had to rewrite some portion of their code, make a new submission and, all in all, spending extra budget and time for something that can be easily avoided.

While the RNG scaling problem may seem simple, it’s just the tip of the iceberg. There are far more complex issues in the world of RNGs that require expert guidance. Understanding these problems is the first step towards improvement. If you’re looking for someone who can not only assist you in navigating these challenges but also help you understand them in a clear and accessible way, I’m here to help. Let’s work together to enhance your RNG solution and make your gaming platform stand out.

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LiveScore Group Announces Internal Restructuring as Part of Sustainable Growth Strategy

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LiveScore Group has announced an internal restructuring process, expected to impact more than 100 existing roles across multiple business locations, including London.

The changes are seen as a difficult yet important step for LiveScore Group, streamlining the business to create improved structures and a pathway to long-term sustainable growth. All impacted employees have been informed and are now subject to a confidential consultation process.

Sam Sadi, CEO of LiveScore Group, said: “On behalf of all Directors of LiveScore Group, and the relevant subsidiary companies, we are saddened by the difficult decision to commence an internal restructure of the business, a process which impacts a significant number of our people.

“Whilst we celebrate our recent period of significant and exciting growth, we must now future-proof the organisation and ensure our internal structures allow us to achieve long-term and sustainable success.

“This is a hard time for all our people, as we say goodbye to colleagues who have played an important role in our journey across recent years.”

The announcement follows on from the recent news that LiveScore Malta Limited (part of LiveScore Group) is to withdraw its LiveScore Bet brand from the Netherlands following recent government tax increases in the market. The announcement includes those impacted by this. There will be no other customer impact in respect of any of the remaining LiveScore, LiveScore Bet or Virgin Bet sites globally.

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Pronet Gaming Appoints Alex Karaoulis as its New Commercial & Product Strategy Lead

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Pronet Gaming, an award-winning platform provider of full turnkey solutions, announced the appointment of Alexandros Karaoulis as its new Commercial & Product Strategy Lead.

With over 14 years of experience in the iGaming industry, Karaoulis brings a wealth of knowledge and expertise that will be instrumental in driving the company’s strategic initiatives forward.

Throughout his iGaming career, Karaoulis has held various senior roles with B2B sportsbook and casino providers, as well as with B2C operators. His extensive background in marketing and sales within the iGaming sector positions him as a true industry expert, ensuring that Pronet Gaming remains at the forefront of innovation in a rapidly evolving market.

“I am thrilled to join Pronet Gaming and excited to fulfill my role in developing and executing sales strategies to drive the company’s revenue growth in key markets,” Karaoulis said.

With a track record in commercial strategies and driving product excellence, Karaoulis’ appointment is invaluable as Pronet Gaming now seeks to expand its footprint to Asia. His vision and deep understanding of the iGaming landscape equip him to navigate the unique challenges and opportunities that the dynamic region presents.

“I want Pronet Gaming to lead the iGaming revolution by providing innovative, culturally tailored solutions that cater to the diverse and rapidly growing demands of the region. Through strategic partnerships, cutting-edge technology, and a deep understanding of local markets, we aim to empower operators to offer world-class gaming experiences that engage players and drive sustainable growth,” he added.

According to Karaoulis, Pronet Gaming is poised to make a splash in Asia by leveraging its advanced technology, flexible platform solutions and deep market expertise while adapting to the unique characteristics of the region.

“The key differentiation point of Pronet Gaming is that we have B2C experience, which greatly aids in understanding the needs of operators and helping them to improve and execute their strategy according to the market. I have worked in B2C roles for more than seven years in my iGaming Career and managed campaigns across various channels, optimised conversion funnels, and learned to use data to improve player acquisition and retention,” said Karaoulis.

Karaoulis acknowledges that the marketing skills he has acquired from B2C experience are valuable in every B2B environment. As he dives into his new role at Pronet Gaming, Karaoulis aims to guide his operator clients on how to better market their own sites, including providing them with advice on effective acquisition strategies, content marketing and campaign structures that appeal to iGaming audiences.

“I also focus heavily on engagement strategies, loyalty programs, bonuses, and personalised offers to keep players active and returning. In my new B2B role, I will advise clients on best practices for player engagement, helping them adopt effective loyalty programs, personalised marketing, and retention tactics that drive player lifetime value to improve the end-player experience for our clients’ sites,” Karaoulis added.

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Vbet Wins Best Online Casino Operator 2024 at SiGMA Europe 2024

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Vbet has been crowned the Best Online Casino Operator 2024 at the highly coveted SiGMA Europe event, cementing its position as a leader in the online gaming industry.

This achievement highlights Vbet’s commitment to providing an exceptional user experience by combining cutting-edge technology with a vast range of options and a secure process. The dedication to creating a responsible, enjoyable environment for players was recognised with this award, making this accolade even more significant. As Vbet continue to expand into new markets, the list of strategic partnerships grows alongside our constant drive to expand its offering. This award serves as a stepping stone on its path to reach more players and set new standards in the industry.

Arman Khachatryan, VBET’s Managing Director, said: “We are incredibly proud to receive the Best Online Casino Operator award at SiGMA Europe 2024. This recognition is a testament to the hard work, passion, and effort of our entire team. Our mission has always been to deliver the highest quality experience in the safest environment possible to our users. This award not only recognizes our dedication to this mission but also motivates us to continue expanding into new markets and territories.”

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